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Pachycephalosaurus (thick-headed lizard)


The Pachycephalosaurus was a herbivorous dinosaur that roamed in North America n the late Cretaceous period. Highlights the enormous dome of his head, having a thickness of up to 25 cm. It is not clear what role of this dome, and has been the subject of considerable discussion among experts since discovered the first remains of this dinosaur in 1940.



The dome may have acted as a shock helmet to protect the head during the attack. But unlike the other dinosaurs blinddos like Ankylosaurs , the rest of the body was not protected. Therefore, of little use to have protected only the head to the jaws of Tyrannosaurus or otrtos carnivorous dinosaurs.
Another theory is that the dome would have allowed Pachycephalosaurus recognize each other. Males may have been brightly colored vaults to capture the attention of females.

The Pachycephalosaurus skull is not only notable for its dome, which stands above the eye socket, but all other prominences presented. It has a number of bony behind the dome, and a more tapered bone buttons along the snout. The vault is empty or occupied by the brain, but is made of bone mass up to 25 cm thick. The skull is half a meter longirud. Compared to him, the teeth are small, but its compact and curved, and serrated edges make them ideal for cutting plant material.

The vault as a weapon
Another possibility is that the primary use of the vault was that of being a weapon against predators and the struggles against other Pachydephalosaurus . No skeletons were found Pachycephalosaurus whole, but evidence of closely related dinosaur skeletons suggests that their bones were well adapted to withstand the forces produced during the fight. The skull must be securely attached to the spine by muscles and ligaments. And the spine must be strong and firmly attached to the hindlimbs. Thus, when two males lunged at high speed, shock waves generated by the bump of the head could be transmitted through the skull to the spine and hind legs to the ground.
However, some experts argue that Pachycephalosaurus not have been able to ram his head, because the bone that forms the roof does not seem very strong. Instead, they suggest that the two males could push supported in the vaults as a test of strength. Another possibility would be that a male could ram another at the sides.


Did they live together?
Many animals fight with other members of their own species. If they win the fight get the right to lead the group, living in a particular area of \u200b\u200bland or mate with a female specific. If Pachycephalosaurus fought each other, it was probably for this reason. and if they used their vaults to recognize and fight each other, is likely to live and find food group. Along with the
Pachycephalosaurus also lived the Ankylosaurus , rugged and heavily armored, and Parasaurolophus , with a long crest on the head. All these herbivorous dinosaurs were probably attack prey giant carnivore of its time, as Albertosaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex .

The Pachycephalosaurus skeleton and dinosaur related to it was built to withstand the powerful forces exerted during the attacks to the head.

SHEET
Gender: Pachycephalosaurus
Rating: Marginocephalia; Pachycephalosauria; Pachycephalosauridae
Length: Up to 8 m
Height: 4.5 m
Period: Late Cretaceous , about 68-65 million years
Found: Western United States and Canada

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The era of dinosaurs - Other creatures

dinosaurs shared the planet with many ciraturas other extinct today. While dinosaurs roamed the land, huge marine reptiles swam in the oceans. planned Flying reptiles in the sky hunting insects, fish and sometimes larger prey. Along with these animals, the first (and small) antepasadaos of birds and mammals struggling to survive while trying not to become food for larger animals.

Many groups of animals that still live today first appeared in the Mesozoic era. Mammals such as Morganucodon , the size of a shrew, appeared during the late Triassic period. But for most of the Mesozoic mammals were small animals hidizos, the size of rats or rabbits. Animals only became dominant when the dinosaurs disappeared. During the Triassic period also developed frogs and crocodiles, as well as turtles and tortoises. Lizards and more primitive birds, as Archaeopteryx, first appeared in the Jurassic period, while snakes did so during the Cretaceous period.




sea reptiles of the Mesozoic seas in marine reptiles inhabited spectacular, such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs Pliosaurs. Of these, the ichthyosaurs were best adapted to marine life. They looked very similar to the dolphins, elongated and pointed hocidos full of sharp teeth, fins and a powerful tail guidelines in the form of a crescent. Ichthyosaurs could not leave the sea to lay eggs, so that gave birth pups in the water. The plesiosaur had a long neck, short and stocky body and a small head with very sharp teeth and sharp. Modified legs were as large oars that could shake up and down to propel the water. Pliosaurs plesiosaurs were like, worse had the shorter neck and head much larger. One type of pliosaur, the Liopleurodon was the largest carnivore that ever existed. The head of this creature was more than 2m in length! The mosasaurs were giant lizards closely related to the current monitors. They all lived during the Late Cretaceous period. These marine reptiles fed on fish, squid and shellfish. Pliosaurs bigger too often eat other marine reptiles. With the exception of turtles, all marine reptiles became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.





The flying reptiles or pterosaurs, flying reptiles appeared at the beginning of the Triassic period and survived until the end of the Cretaceous period. Pterosaurs could have different sizes. Most were the size of a pigeon or a crow, but some were very small, like a sparrow. At the other end of the scale we find the animal largest flying that has never existed, a pterosaur called Quetzalcoatlus . The Quetzalcoatlus , the end of the Cretaceous period of North America, had a wingspan of about 12 m, ie, was larger than a plane. Pterosaur wings were formed by a long finger holding a sheet of skin is very thin but very sturdy. This plate was attached to each side of the body along the arm. Pterosaurs lived around rivers and lakes, also nesting on sea cliffs. Most pterosaurs ate insects, fish and other small animals.

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If there is an excellent series of documentaries that talk about the world of dinosaurs and be known worldwide, that's "Walking with Dinosaurs ." This documentary series was a great innovation by the BBC as he showed the animals as they might have lived, as is believed to have lived after so many years of study of fossils, instead of showing paleontologists and scientists talking about it .

I leave a review I found in speaking of the series and shows a list of contents of the chapters:

Original Title: Walking with Dinosaurs
Year: 1999
Duration: 6 episodes of 30 '
Country: United Kingdom
Director: John Lynch
Guion: Andrew Wilks
Producer: BBC

Synopsis:

The series created a new line in the documentary about dinosaurs. Instead of basing the footage in the usual succession of scenes and interviews with paleontologists excavations and museums, episodes of Walking with Dinosaurs documentaries are developed as common wildlife, take an animal as protagonist and showing their daily interaction with the environment, prey, predators and other living things around him. Several locations in New Caledonia, United States, Chile and Australia, among others, were selected to recreate the Mesozoic ecosystems in Europe, America and Antarctica due to its flora similar to those common in each of the periods shown. As for animals, most were rebuilt and animated by computer, although in some cases it was decided to build animatronics (especially for close-ups) and very rarely were used "Animal" actors "to give life to their primitive relatives (if the pan tuatara and Maluku). At any time, animators and writers relied on the advice of experts in dinosaurs as Peter Dodson, Peter Larson and James Farlow, which can be seen in the Making of explaining why the Diplodocus could not lift the neck beyond their shoulders or what is giving that does not appear in any of the popular series fights between Tyrannosaurus rex and a horned dinosaur.

Information:
1. NEW BLOOD
220 million years ago, Late Triassic, Arizona. Dinosaurs are still a group of emerging, very diversified and not very abundant, but it begins to displace other more primitive animals such as cynodonts, dicynodonts and basal archosaurs. Animals displayed:

Coelophysis (dinosaur theropod)
Peteinosaurus (pterosaur)
happy (dicynodonts)
Plateosaurus (dinosaur prosauropod)
Postosuchus (archosaur basal)
Thrinaxodon (cynodont)
Dipnoo unidentified.
Dragonfly (real life).

Shooting location: New Caledonia


2. THE AGE OF THE TITANS
152 million years ago, Upper Jurassic, Colorado, USA. Continents begin to separate, the sea is gaining ground and the weather gets wetter. Gigantic deserts have been replaced by massive Triassic conifer forests and meadows of ferns, dominated by a variety of dinosaurs.

Allosaurus (theropod)
Anurognathus (pterosaur)
Brachiosaurus (dinosaur sauropod)
Diplodocus (Sauropod)
Ornitholestes (theropod)
Stegosaurus (dinosaur ornithischian)
dragonflies and other insects

Shooting location: California (Redwood National Park ), Chile, Tasmania, New Zealand


3. CRUEL SEA
149 million years ago, Jurassic top, Oxfordshire, England. Europe is reduced to an archipelago with thousands of islands and islets separated by marine waters warm, shallow, rich coral reefs and marine life in general. Dinosaurs are not the dominant life form, but marine reptiles of all kinds of types and sizes.

Cryptoclidus (plesiosaur)
Eustreptospondylus (theropod)
Hybodus (shark)
Liopleurodon (pliosaur)
Ophthalmosaurus (ichthyosaur)
Rhamphorhynchus (pterosaur)
bony fish, squid, ammonites, horseshoe crabs, insects

Shooting location: Bahamas, New Caledonia


SKY 4.GIGANTES
127 million years ago, Early Cretaceous, Atlantic Ocean and its shores. The continents are moving slowly fragmenting to positions vaguely similar to today. The young Atlantic continues to grow, while diversifying pterosaurs ever and start to become common emerging groups like birds and flowering plants. Great herds of iguanodons dominate land area, while ornitoqueiros, a group of giant pterosaurs, make long migrations between Europe and South America.

Iberomesornis (early bird)
ottingeri Iguanodon (ornithischian)
Iguanodon bernissartensis (ornithischian)
Ornithocheirus (pterosaur)
Polacanthus (ornithischian)
Tapejara (pterosaur)
Utahraptor (identified as Velociraptor) (theropod)
Plesioliopleurodon (pliosaur)
Saurophthirus (parasite)
Several unidentified Pterosaurs, mosquitoes, butterflies

Shooting location: Tasmania, New Zealand

5. SPIRITS OF THE FOREST OF ICE
106 million years ago, Early Cretaceous, Antarctica. Still attached to Australia, New Zealand and South America, Antarctica has a seasonal climate with winter frost, but much warmer than today. In the forests of Nothofagus and Podocarpaceae live migratory animals, sedentary dinosaurs adapted to cold winters and some relics of the past, such as amphibians laberintodontes.

"Allosaurus" robustus (theropod)
Koolasuchus (amphibian laberintodonto)
Leaellynasaura (ornithischian)
Muttaburrasaurus (ornithischian)
Steropodon (mammal monotreme)
sphenodontians
unidentified
Shooting location: Tasmania, New Zealand

6. DEATH OF A DYNASTY
65 million years ago, Upper Cretaceous, Montana. Disappear inland seas, the Atlantic reaches half its current extent multiple continents collide causing volcanic eruptions and new mountain ranges and the weather begins to turn colder, dry and seasonal. Gone are most of the pterosaurs and some groups of dinosaurs, but others are in full swing. Suddenly, a meteor strikes Earth and causes a mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs except for some groups of birds.

Anathothite (ornithischian)
Ankylosaurus (ornithischian)
Deinosuchus (crocodile)
Didelphodon (marsupial mammal)
Dromaeosaurus (theropod)
Quetzalcoatlus (pterosaur)
Torosaurus (ornithischian)
Triceratops (ornithischian)
Tyrannosaurus (theropod)
Hipsilofodóntido unidentified ("Parksosaurus?)
Dinilysia (snake)

Shooting location: Chile, New Zealand

Source: Documental.hostzi.com

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Walking with Dinosaurs Found in France in the footsteps of the world's largest dinosaur

French naturalists during one of his walks through the woods, they found dinosaur footprints, which have proved to be the largest in the world. In Plagne, near Lyon, have been discovered in the footsteps of a giant herbivores of 25 meters long and over 30 tons. According to an official of the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) "are between 1.25 and 1.50 meters in total diameter.


These footprints, according to researchers at the Laboratory of Paleontology at the University of Lyon, have been preserved thanks to a layer of limestone 150 million years old, in an area that was covered by Tues

The discovery of these traces shows that sauropods lived in this area during a time of falling sea level.

For more news:
http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Halladas/Francia/mayores/huellas/dinosaurios/elpepusoc/20091006elpepusoc_17/Tes
http://www.elperiodico. com / default.asp? idpublicacio_PK = 46 & idioma = CAS & idnoticia_PK = 650895 & idseccio_PK = 1477
http://www.lavanguardia.es/ciudadanos/noticias/20091006/53799454592/halladas-en-francia-las- over-marks-of-dinosaurios.html
http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/sociedad/2009/10/06/00031254856264116911902.htm

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MUJA. The Jurassic Museum of Asturias, Colunga

In the Asturian town of Colunga is the Jurassic Museum of Asturias, a museum with replicas of dinosaurs and skeletons of some of the best known species.

A follower of this blog, Jexweber, visited and made a photo story you see on this link .

Here are some of the photos I took:

tridáctila footprint of a carnivorous dinosaur was a source of inspiration for the building of the Jurassic Museum of Asturias. Almost 1900 square meters on each floor, with copper sheath and a network of wooden trusses inside large. A single senario is to host a full sample and teaching the world of these fascinating reptiles.

Web
museum Jurassic Museum of Asturias (MUJA)

A recommended visit and almost a must for anyone visiting or living in Asturias.

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Carnotaurus (Toro carnivore)

During the Jurassic period, an ocean separating the continents of North and South of the Earth. The dinosaurs of different land areas began to evolve in very different ways. At the end of the Jurassic, some 144 million years ago South America was separated from the other southern continents. This isolation led to the development of special types of dinosaurs in this continent, such as Carnotaurus carnivore.
Carnotaurus
The shares some features with dinosaurs in the northern hemisphere, as sharp and curved teeth that are observed in all carnivorous theropods. It has very short bones in the arms, similar to Tyrannosaurus of North America and Asia. On the other hand, there are specific features of Carnotaurus , like horns.
The horns are bone and out of the rear ends of the skull, are facing up and out. Probably in life were covered by a horny sheath, like the horns of bulls and rams today. The horns have a decorative function. Since so few have been discovered skeletons Carnotaurus do not know if they had only males or females also.





The Slayer Skill Carnotaurus muzzle was very narrow, but the horns are made much wider. The eyes were oriented slightly forward. Accordingly, the Carnotaurus had a certain capacity of binocular vision, so that the fields of vision of left and right eye could overlap. This is also a feature of human vision allows the animal yu estimate distances accurately. With a vision so good, probably Carnotaurus was a formidable hunter, able to detect and hunt their prey with great efficiency.


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But what Carnotaurus ate? Most short-armed dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus had very large heads and strong that essentially served as a weapon to kill. But because of its shape and flexibility, the skull of Carnotaurus was quite weak. It could bend and break, particularly during scuffles with larger animals. This suggests that Carnotaurus not used to attack animals of the same size or bigger than him, because his skull had not resisted these forces. On the contrary, could hunt smaller animals and agile using specialized vision and his ability to boot to run very quickly to achieve them.

The shape of the skull of Carnotaurus is different from most other carnivorous theropods. The short nose and skull erea much higher. By contrast, the lower jaw was shallow and had a hinge joint allowing the front of the madíbulas to move rather than later. The horns projecting outwards and upwards above the eye sockets.

The Carnotaurus had four fingers on each hand, while the other theropods had three. The shape of the bones of the arms follows that the upturned palm instead of the typical down position. No one knows the reason for this phenomenon.

SHEET
Gender: Carnotaurus
Rating: Theropoda; ceratosaurs; Abelisauridae
Length: 7.5 m
Height: 3.5 m
Weight: Up to 1 tonne
Period: Cretaceous half, about 113-91 million years
Found in: Argentina

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Last IIRevenge of the EnchantressLa Adventure - Part 15The Greenland Dungeon - Part 4

"ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ" - Abroad


first thing I did this week has been getting torches in the same way as in the previous post (killing Warriors in McDonalls ).

After achieving sufficient torches and I bought enough supplies British Lord has raised me hit points to a fairly high number.

Once in Greenland I ventured into the dungeon and have fallen to the level 13 quickly.

The level 13 is a very simple level. It consists of 4 rings of corridors connected secret doors. Both steps are in the second inner ring so finding my way was easy.

The level 14 is a different story. The room with the stairs to level 13 had only one exit.

In the southeast there was a series of four bedrooms, while directing northeast had a room with a column in the middle and end.

The west had a chest in a secret room. The chest containing some gold.

Northwest had a room with nothing interesting in it. Finally, in the central north I found the stairs down to the last level.

at level 15 I get nothing but discovered two secret doors that opened onto a long outer ring surrounding central level. In the southwest of this place I found 8 Trilitio chests.

To exit the level I used a secret door near the coffers of Trilitio I have been Through a series of rooms up the stairs to climb.

Exit the dungeon has been pretty hard. This time had torches to spare, but the number of tools to escape the traps that had were few. I have finally come

by hair (I have only been 3 tools), and I managed to UK where I left the game for today.

MAPS:

Greenland Dungeon Level 13


Level 14

Level 15